Synthesis of Micro/Nano VO2 Structure by Hydrothermal Method
Main Article Content
Abstract
Vanadium dioxide was synthesized successfully by hydrothermal method. C₂H₅O₄ was played as reducing agent for reducing V⁵⁺ to V⁴⁺ from V₂O₅ precursor. In this article, we have studied the effect of hydrothermal time (6 h–24 h), V₂O₅ concentration (0.1 M–0.4 M) and ratio of V₂O₅/C₂H₅O₄ (1 : 2.4; 1 : 3; 1 : 4) to the structure and morphology of VO₂. Phase formation of VO₂ was analyzed by X-ray diffraction. Morphology and size of micro/nano structures were examined by FE-SEM. The synthesized VO₂ structures were showed variation in particle size and morphology. VO₂ nanorods, micro rotor and nanoplate were observed when ratio of V₂O₅/C₂H₅O₄ was 1 : 2.4, 1 : 3 and 1 : 4, respectively. Moreover, the surface of micro rotor became well-defined morphology with increasing hydrothermal time from 6 h to 24 h. This research showed the way to control the structure and morphology of VO₂ which was useful for VO₂ research area.
Keywords
hydrothermal, micro rotor, vanadium oxide
Article Details
References
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[2] X. Cao, N. Wang, J. Y. Law, S. C. J. Loo, S. Magdassi, Y. Long; Nanoporous Thermochromic VO₂ (M) Thin Films: Controlled Porosity, Largely Enhanced Longitudinal Transmittance and Solar Modulating Ability; Langmuir 30 (2014) 1710–1715.
[3] L. Dai, Y. Gao, C. Cao, Z. Chen, H. Luo, M. Kanehira, J. Jin, Y. Liu; VO₂ (A) nanostructures with controllable feature sizes and giant aspect ratios: one-step hydrothermal synthesis and lithium-ion battery performance; RSC Adv. 2 (2012) 5265–5270.
[4] S. Ji, Y. Zhao, F. Zhang, P. Jin; Synthesis and phase transition behavior of w-doped VO₂ (A) nanorods; J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn. 118 (2010) 867–871.
[5] C. Leroux, G. Nihoul, G.V. Tendeloo; From VO₂ (B) to VO₂ (R): Theoretical structures of VO₂ polymorphs and in situ electron microscopy; Phys. Rev. B 57 (1998) 5111.
[6] A. Srivastava, H. Rotella, S. Saha, B. Pal, G. Kalon, S. Mathew, M. Motapothula, P. Yang, E. Okunishi, D. D. Sarma, T. Venkatesan; Selective growth of single phase VO₂ (A, B, and M) polymorph thin films; APL Mater. 3 (2015) 026101.
[7] L. Zhang, J. Yao, F. Xia, Y. Guo, C. Cao, C. Zhang, Y. Gao and H. Luo; VO₂ (D) hollow core–shell microspheres: synthesis, methylene blue dye adsorption and their transformation into C/VO₂ nanoparticles; Inorg. Chem. Front. 11 (2018) 189–200.
[8] S. Lee, I.N. Ivanov, J.K. Keum, H.N. Lee; Epitaxial stabilization phase instability of VO₂ polymorphs; Sci. Rep. 6 (2016) 19621.
[9] R. Lopez, L.A. Boatner, T.E. Haynes, R.F. Haglund Jr., L.C. Feldman; Enhanced hysteresis in the semiconductor-to-metal phase transition of VO₂ precipitates formed in SiO₂ by ion implantation; Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 (2001) 3161.
[10] C. Pei, F. Xiong, J. Sheng, Y. Yin, S. Tan, D. Wang, C. Han, Q. An, L. Mai; VO₂ nanoflakes as the cathode material of hybrid magnesium–lithium–ion batteries with high energy density; ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 (2017) 17060–17066.
[11] J.H. Son, J. Wei, D. Cobden, G. Cao, Y. Xia; Hydrothermal synthesis of monoclinic VO₂ micro- and nanocrystals in one step and their use in fabricating inverse opals; Chem. Mater. 22 (2010) 3043–3050.
[12] M. Pan, H.M. Zhong, S.W. Wang, J. Liu, Z.F. Li, X.S. Chen, W. Lu; Properties of VO₂ thin film prepared with precursor VO(acac)₂; J. Cryst. Growth 265 (2004) 121–126.
[13] C.M. Ban, M.S. Whittingham; Nanoscale single-crystal vanadium oxides with layered structure by electrospinning and hydrothermal methods; Solid State Ionics 179 (2008) 1721–1724.
[14] E. Gagaoidakis, E. Aperathiti, G. Michail, M. Panaogopoulou, D. Katerinopoulou, V. Binas, Y.S. Raptis, G. Kiriakidis; Low-temperature rf sputtered VO₂ thin films as thermochromic coatings for smart glazing systems; Solar Energy 165 (2018) 115–121.
[15] M. Li, S. Magdassi, Y. Gao, Y. Long; Hydrothermal synthesis of VO₂ polymorphs: advantages, challenges and prospects for the application of energy efficient smart windows; Small 13 (2017) 1701147.
[16] J.M.C. J.H. Park, T.S. Kasirga, C. Huang, Z. Fei, S. Hunter, D. H. Cobden; Measurement of a solid-state triple point at the metal–insulator transition in VO₂; Nature 500 (2013) 431–434.
[17] S.A. Corr, M. Grossman, Y. Shi, K.R. Heier, G.D. Stucky, R. Seshadri; VO₂ (B) nanorods: solvothermal preparation, electrical properties, and conversion to rutile VO₂ and V₂O₃; J. Mater. Chem. 19 (2009) 4362–4367.
[18] J. Liu, Q. Li, T. Wang, D. Yu, Y. Li; Metastable vanadium dioxide nanobelts: hydrothermal synthesis, electrical transport, and magnetic properties; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43 (2004) 5048–5052.
[19] G. Li, K. Chao, H. Peng, K. Chen, Z. Zhang; Low-valent vanadium oxide nanostructures with controlled crystal structures and morphologies; Inorg. Chem. 46 (2007) 5787–5790.
[20] X. Chen, X. Wang, Z. Wang, J. Wan, J. Liu, Y. Qian; An ethylene glycol reduction approach to metastable VO₂ nanowire arrays; Nanotechnology 15 (2004) 1685–1687.
[21] X. Li, X. Chen, X. Chen, C. Han, C. Shi; Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of VO₂ (B) nanorods array; J. Cryst. Growth 309 (2007) 43–47.
[22] J.Z. Zhao, Z. L. Tao, J. Liang, J. Chen; Facile synthesis of nanoporous γ–MnO₂ structures and their application in rechargeable Li-ion batteries; Cryst. Growth Des. 8 (2008) 2799–2805.
[23] C. Niu, J. Meng, C. Han, K. Zhao, M. Yan, L. Mai; VO₂ nanowires assembled into hollow microspheres for high-rate and long-life lithium batteries; Nano Lett. 14 (2014) 2873–2878.
[24] L. Whittaker, H. Zhang, S. Banerjee; VO₂ nanosheets exhibiting a well-defined metal–insulator phase transition; J. Mater. Chem. 19 (2009) 2968–2974.
[25] S. Ji, Y. Zhao, F. Zhang, P. Jin; Direct formation of single crystal VO₂ (R) nanorods by one-step hydrothermal treatment; J. Cryst. Growth 312 (2010) 282–286.
[26] H. Zhang, X. Xiao, X. Lu, G. Chai, Y. Sun, Y. Zhan, G. Xu; A cost-effective method to fabricate VO₂ (M) nanoparticles and films with excellent thermochromic properties; Journal of Alloys and Compounds 636 (2015) 106–112.
[27] X. B. Wei, Z. M. Wu, X. D. Xu, T. Wang, J. J. Tang, W. Z. Li, Y. D. Jiang; Growth mode and texture study in vanadium dioxide thin films deposited by magnetron sputtering; J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 41 (2008) 055303.
[28] E. Uchaker, M. Gu, N. Zhou, Y. W. Li, C. M. Wang, G. Z. Cao; Enhanced intercalation dynamics of VO₂ microspheres assembled into hollow microspheres for high-rate and long-life lithium batteries; Nano Lett. 14 (2014) 2873–2878.
[29] A. Marani, P. Merenda, Z.D. Vos; Luminescence of semiconductor VO₂; Solid State Communications 17 (1975) 1485–1486.
[30] H. Liu, O. Vasquez, V.R. Santiago, D. Diaz, F.E. Fernandez; Excited state dynamics and semiconductor-to-metallic phase transition of VO₂ thin film; Journal of Luminescence 108 (2004) 233–238.