A New Method of Measuring Impedance Cardiography for Cardiac Output Estimation by Directly Digitizing the High Frequency Modulated Signal at Lower Sampling Rate
Main Article Content
Abstract
Cardiac output (CO) is an important hemodynamic index to assess the heart condition of the patients. Impedance cardiography (ICG) is an advanced method that can noninvasively and continuously monitor CO based on the variation of thorax impedance. Since the variation is very small compared to the base impedance, the acquisition solutions generally require complicated analog processing circuits. This makes the output influenced by external noise, temperature, and component tolerances. This study presents a new method of measuring the changes in bioimpedance with high reliability by directly digitizing the modulated thoracic impedance signal. The proposed method has a notable advantage that allows to be implemented with low-performance hardware. The experimental results showed that the extracted data is not only similar to the reference one, but also stable over long working time. The early digitization solution makes the processing steps could be highly flexible and easy to be upgraded in further research.
Keywords
Cardiac output, CO, Impedance cardiography, ICG, Hemodynamics
Article Details
References
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[2] W. G. Kubicek, J. N. Karnegis, R. P. Patterson, D. A. Witsoe, and R. H. Mattson, Development and Evaluation of an Impedance Cardiac Output System, Aerospace Medicine, 37:12, (1966) 1208–1212.
[3] D. P. Bernstein, A New Stroke Volume Equation for Thoracic Electrical Bioimpedance: Theory and Rationale, Critical Care Medicine, 14:10, (1986) 904–909.
[4] G. Cybulski, Ambulatory Impedance Cardiography: The Systems and Their Applications, Springer, 2011.
[5] B. E. Hurwitz, L. Y. Shyu, C. C. Lu, S. P. Reddy, N. Schneiderman, and J. H. Nagel, Signal Fidelity Requirements for Deriving Impedance Cardiographic Measures of Cardiac Function over a Broad Heart Rate Range, Biological Psychology, 36, (1993) 3–21.
[6] L. A. Critchley, Impedance Cardiography: The Impact of New Technology, Anaesthesia, 53:7, (1998) 677–684.
[7] P. Carvalho, R. P. Paiva, J. Henriques, M. Antunes, I. Quintal, and J. Muehlsteff, Robust Characteristic Points for ICG: Definition and Comparative Analysis, International Conference on Bio-inspired Systems and Signal Processing (BIOSIGNALS 2011), Rome, Italy, 2011, 161–168.
[8] B. Sramek, D. Rose, and A. Miyamoto, Stroke Volume Equation with a Linear Base Impedance Model and Its Accuracy, as Compared to Thermodilution and Magnetic Flowmeter Techniques in Humans and Animals, 6th International Conference on Electrical Bioimpedance, Zadar, Yugoslavia, 1983, 38–41.
[9] L. Y. Shyu, C. Y. Chiang, C. P. Liu, and W. C. Hu, Portable Impedance Cardiography System for Real-Time Noninvasive Cardiac Output Measurement, Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, 20:4, (2000) 193–202.
[10] H. Yazdanian, A. Mahnam, M. Edrisi, and M. A. Esfahani, Design and Implementation of a Portable Impedance Cardiography System for Noninvasive Stroke Volume Monitoring, Journal of Medical Signals & Sensors, 6:1, (2016) 47-56.
[11] S. Weyer, T. Menden, L. Leicht, S. Leonhardt, and T. Wartzek, Development of a Wearable Multi-Frequency Impedance Cardiography Device, Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 39:2, (2015) 131–137.
[12] S. Kaufmann, A. Malhotra, M. Ryschka, A FPGA Based Measurement System for Estimation of the Stroke Volume of the Heart by Measuring Bioimpedance Changes – First Results, 15th International Conference on Electrical Bio-Impedance (ICEBI) and the 14th Conference on Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT), Rymischka, 2013.
[13] R. Kusche, A. Malhotra, M. Ryschka, G. Ardelt, P. Klimach, and S. Kaufmann, A FPGA-Based Broadband EIT System for Complex Bioimpedance Measurements - Design and Performance Estimation, Electronics, 4:3, (2015) 507–525.
[14] P. Odry, F. Henézi, E. Burkus, A. Halász, I. Kecskés, R. Márki, B. Kuljić, T. Szakáll, and K. Máthé, Application of the FPGA Technology in the Analysis of the Biomedical Signals, IEEE 9th International Symposium on Intelligent Systems and Informatics, Subotica, Serbia, 2011.
[15] W. Hu, C. C. Lin, and L. Y. Shyu, An Implementation of a Real-Time and Parallel Processing ECG Features Extraction Algorithm in a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), 2011 Computing in Cardiology, Hangzhou, China, 2011, 801–804.
[16] L. D. Paarmann, Design and Analysis of Analog Filters: A Signal Processing Perspective, 113–124, Springer, 2003.
[17] M. G. Ruppert, D. M. Harcombe, M. R. P. Ragazzon, S. O. R. Moheimani, and A. J. Fleming, A Review of Demodulation Techniques for Amplitude-Modulation Atomic Force Microscopy, Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 8, (2017) 1407–1426.
[18] B. Dam, K. Banerjee, K. Majumdar, R. Banerjee, and D. Patranabis, A Zero Phase-Lag Homodyne Demodulation Technique for Synchronous Measurement Applications and Its FPGA Implementation, 14:4, (2005) 771–791.