Biochar and Biofuel from Pyrolysis of Oily Rags
Main Article Content
Abstract
In the paper, we present for the first time an experimental study on the pyrolysis of oily rags collected from an automobile factory. The performance of pyrolysis to recycle fresh and used wipes to valuable liquid and solid products was compared. The presence of waste lubricant oil (WLO) on fabric drastically changed the outcome of the process. The specific surface area of pyrolytic char was initially reduced, but can expand to 1178 m2/g after activation. A very high fraction of oily rags (75.03 wt.%) was converted to high heating value pyrolytic oil (30.3 MJ/kg), resulting in 22.73 MJ recovered from one kilogram of raw material-higher than from most other waste reported. Gas emission from pyrolysis of WLO contaminated wipes was only 6.09 wt.% of raw materialnearly twentyfold less than incineration and ninefold less than pyrolysis of uncontaminated wipes. Overall, pyrolysis of oily rags produced a considerable amount of valuable material and fuel while releasing little greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, making it an eco-friendly and economically feasible solution for this kind of industrial waste.
Article Details
References
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131024
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https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1694105
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https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-023-1461-8
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2023.111273
[2] F. M. T. Luna, J. B. Cavalcante, F. O. N. Silva, C. L. Cavalcante, Studies on biodegradability of bio-based lubricants, Tribology International, vol. 92, pp. 301-306, Dec. 2015.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.07.007
[3] U.S. Department of Energy, Used oil management and beneficial reuse options to address section 1: Energy Savings from Lubricating Oil Public Law, United States Department of Energy, Washington, 2020.
[4] J. P. J. Labayen, Labayen IV, Q. Yuan, A review on textile recycling practices and challenges, textiles, vol. 2, iss. 1, pp. 174-188, Mar. 2022.
https://doi.org/10.3390/textiles2010010
[5] A. Tripathi, V. Kumar Tyagi, V. Vivekanand, P. Bose, S. Suthar, Challenges, opportunities and progress in solid waste management during COVID-19 pandemic, Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, vol. 2, Sep. 2020, Art. no. 100060.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2020.100060
[6] M. Zhong, S. Chen, T. Wang, J. Liu, M. Mei, J. Li,Co-pyrolysis of polyester and cotton via thermogravimetric analysis and adsorption mechanism of Cr(VI) removal by carbon in aqueous solution, Journal of Molecular Liquids, vol. 354, May 2022,
Art. no. 118902.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118902
[7] P. Athanasopoulos, A. Zabaniotou, Post-consumer textile thermochemical recycling to fuels and biocarbon: a critical review, Science of the Total Environment, vol. 834, Aug. 2022, Art. no. 155387.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155387
[8] M. Xie, M. Cheng, Y. Yang, Z. Huang, T. Zhou, Y. Zhao, P. Xiao, Q. Cen, Z. Liu, B. Li, A review on catalytic pyrolysis of textile waste to high-value products: Catalytic mechanisms, products application and perspectives, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 498, Oct. 2024, Art. no. 155120.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.155120
[9] J. M. Illingworth, B. Rand, P. T. Williams, Non-woven fabric activated carbon produced from fibrous waste biomass for sulphur dioxide control, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, vol. 122, pp. 209-219, Feb. 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.12.010
[10] R. Brindha, G. Thilagavathi, S. Viju, Development of nettle-polypropylene-blended needle punched nonwoven fabrics for oil spill cleanup applications, Journal of Natural Fibers, vol. 17, iss. 10, pp. 1439-1453, 2020.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2019.1578717
[11] M. A. Nahil, P. T. Williams, Activated carbons from acrylic textile waste, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 89, iss. 1, pp. 51-59, Sep. 2010.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2010.05.005
[12] G. F. M. Cupertino, A. M. da Silva, A. K. S. Pereira, F. M. Delatorre, J. G. M. Ucella-Filho, E. C. de Souza, D. Profeti, L. P. R. Profeti, M. P. Oliveira, D. Saloni, R. Luque, A. F. D. Júnior, Co-pyrolysis of biomass and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) as an alternative for energy production from waste valorization, Fuel, vol. 362, Apr. 2024, Art. no. 130716.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.130761
[13] H. R. Zolfagharpour, A. Sharafati, M. Hosseinzadeh, Catalytic pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse using V2O5 nanoparticles in an auger reactor, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 177, Jan. 2024, Art. no. 106357.
[14] R. Miranda, C. Sosa-Blanco, D. Bustos-Martínez, C. Vasile, Pyrolysis of textile wastes: I. Kinetics and yields, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol. 80, iss. 2, pp. 489-495, Oct. 2007.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2007.03.008
[15] H. S. Lee, S. Jung, K. Y. A. Lin, E. E. Kwon, Upcycling textile waste using pyrolysis process, Science of the Total Environment, vol. 859, Feb. 2023, Art. no. 160393.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160393
[16] M. A. Nahil, P. T. Williams, Surface chemistry and porosity of nitrogen-containing activated carbons produced from acrylic textile waste, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 184, pp. 228-237, Mar. 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2012.01.047
[17] A. R. Reed, P. T. Williams, Thermal processing of biomass natural fibre wastes by pyrolysis, International Journal of Energy Research, vol. 28, iss. 2, pp. 131-145, Dec. 2003.
https://doi.org/10.1002/er.956
[18] R. K. Mishra, B. Gariya, P. Savvasere, D. Dhir, P. Kumar, and K. Mohanty, Thermocatalytic pyrolysis of waste areca nut into renewable fuel and value-added chemicals, ACS Omega, vol. 9, pp. 25779-25792, Jun. 2024.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c10184
[19] Y. Wu, Y. Yuan, C. Xia, T. A. Alahmadi, S. A. Alharbi, M. Sekar, A. Pugazhendhi, Production of waste tyre pyrolysis oil as the replacement for fossil fuel for diesel engines with constant hydrogen injection via air intake manifold, Fuel, vol. 355, Jan. 2024, Art. no. 129458.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.129458
[20] R. Chowdhury, A. Sarkar, Reaction kinetics and product distribution of slow pyrolysis of Indian textile wastes, International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, vol. 10, Aug. 2012, Art. no. A67.
https://doi.org/10.1515/1542-6580.2662
[21] D. S. Barışçı and M. S. Öncel, The disposal of combed cotton wastes by pyrolysis, International Journal of Green Energy, vol. 11, iss. 3, pp. 255-266, 2014.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15435075.2013.772516
[22] A. M. Hussein, Y. Kar, O. E. Kok, Co-pyrolysis of walnut shell and waste tire with a focus on bio-oil yield quantity and quality, Journal of the Energy Institute, vol. 112, Feb. 2024, Art. no. 101494.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joei.2023.101494
[23] T. A. Vo, J. Kim, H. T. Hwang, S. S. Kim, Fast pyrolysis of cashew nut shells in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor for producing high heating value bio-oil using dolomite as a catalyst and carbon capture sorbent, Fuel, vol. 364, May 2024, Art. no. 131024.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2024.131024
[24] N. Ali, M. Ashraf, K. Shahzad, M. Saleem, and A. Chughtai, Fluidized bed fast pyrolysis of corn stover: Effects of fluidizing gas flow rate and composition, Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, vol. 46, iss. 1, pp. 4244–4256, Nov. 2019.
https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1694105
[25] H. S. Lee, S. Jung, S. W. Lee, Y. T Kim, and J. Lee, Effects of Ni/Al2O3 catalyst treatment condition on thermocatalytic conversion of spent disposable wipes, Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, vol. 40, pp. 2472 –2479, May 2023.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-023-1461-8