Preparation of Ionic Conductivity Polymer Electrolyte Film Based on Epoxidized Deproteinized Natural Rubber
Main Article Content
Abstract
Ionic conductivity polymer electrolyte film based on epoxidized deproteinized natural rubber (EDPNR) and lithium salt lithium triflate (LiCF₃SO₃) were prepared by solution casting technique. The EDPNR was prepared from deproteinized natural rubber latex (DNR) epoxidized in the latex stage with fresh peracetic acid 33%, which was deproteinized by incubation of the latex with 0.1 wt% urea and 1 wt% surfactant. The ionic conductivity of EDPNR mixed with lithium salt was investigated through impedance analysis. The results show that the conductivity of EDPNR/LiCF₃SO₃ mixture was dependent on LiCF₃SO₃ salt concentration and amount of epoxy group. The highest ionic conductivity at room temperature obtained is 1.71 × 10⁻⁵ S·cm⁻¹ at 35 wt% LiCF₃SO₃ and 45 mol% epoxy groups. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra showed evidence of complexation between EDPNR and LiCF₃SO₃. Glass transition temperature, Tg displayed an increasing trend with increasing salt concentration and epoxy group content.
Keywords
Epoxidized deproteinized natural rubber, ionic conductivity polymer electrolyte
Article Details
References
[1] Xu, K., Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries, Chemical Reviews, 4303–4417 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030203g
[2] M.A.K.L. Dissanayake, L.R.A.K.B. Bandara, R.S.P. Bokalawala, P.A.R.D. Jayathilaka, O.A. Ileperuma, S. Somasundaram, A novel gel polymer electrolyte based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and its application in a solar cell, Materials Research Bulletin, 867–874 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-5408(02)00712-2
[3] C. Nakason, Y.P., A. Kaesaman, Rheological and thermal properties of thermoplastic natural rubbers based on poly(methyl methacrylate)/epoxidized-natural-rubber blends, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 3561–3572 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.20384
[4] M. H. Buraidah, L.P.Teo, S.R.Majid, R.Yahya, R.M.Taha, A.K.Arof, Characterizations of chitosan-based polymer electrolyte photovoltaic cells, International Journal of Photoenergy, 1–7 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/805836
[5] R.I. Mattos, C.E.T., J.P. Donoso, A. Pawlicka, NMR study of starch based polymer gel electrolytes: humidity effects, Electrochimica Acta, 1461–1465 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.05.061
[6] A. Ahmad, M.Y.A.R. Rahman, M. L. M. Ali, H. Hashim, F. A. Kalam, Solid polymeric electrolyte of PVC-ENR-LiClO₄, Ionics, 67–70 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-007-0074-2
[7] Razali Idris, M.D.G., R.J. Latham*, R.G. Linford, W.S. Schlindwein, Polymer electrolytes based on modified natural rubber for use in rechargeable lithium batteries, Journal of Power Sources 206–211 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(00)00588-7
[8] Asa Lauenstein, A.J., and Jörgen Tegenfeldt, Water absorption of the polymer electrolyte systems Pb(CF₃SO₃)₂·PEO and Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂·PEO, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1819–1823 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2055010
[9] Loadman, J.E.D. & M.J.R., A chemical demonstration of the randomness of epoxidation of natural rubber. British Polymer Journal, 134–138 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.4980160305
[10] Zeng Zong-Qiang, Y.H.-P., Wang Qi-Fang, Lu Guang, Effects of coagulation processes on properties of epoxidized natural rubber, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1944–1949 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.28119
[11] Suhawati Ibrahim, R.D., Ibrahim Abdullah, Functionalization of liquid natural rubber via oxidative degradation of natural rubber, Polymers, 2928–2941 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym6122928
[12] N.A. Kinasih, M.I.F., D.A. Winarto, Swelling behaviour in n-pentane and mechanical properties of epoxidized natural rubber with different epoxide content, Innovation in Polymer Science and Technology, Proc. IOP Conf. Ser., Mater. Sci. Eng., Vol. 223, 012002 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/223/1/012002
[13] Jean-Francois Le Nest, A.G., Hervé Cheradame, crosslinked polyethers as media for ionic conduction, British Polymer Journal, 253–268 (1998).
[14] Rajiv Kumar, J.P.S., S.S. Sekhon, FTIR study of ion dissociation in PMMA based gel electrolytes containing ammonium triflate: Role of dielectric constant of solvent, European Polymer Journal, 2718–2725 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.05.010
[15] Nakamoto, K., Infrared and Raman spectra of inorganic and coordination compounds, Part A: Theory and applications in inorganic chemistry, John Wiley & Sons (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470405840
[16] Phan Trung Nghia, Yoshimasa Yamamoto, Warunee Klinklai, Takayuki Saito, Seiichi Kawahara, Removal of proteins from natural rubber with urea and its application to continuous processes, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2329–2332 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.27236
[2] M.A.K.L. Dissanayake, L.R.A.K.B. Bandara, R.S.P. Bokalawala, P.A.R.D. Jayathilaka, O.A. Ileperuma, S. Somasundaram, A novel gel polymer electrolyte based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and its application in a solar cell, Materials Research Bulletin, 867–874 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-5408(02)00712-2
[3] C. Nakason, Y.P., A. Kaesaman, Rheological and thermal properties of thermoplastic natural rubbers based on poly(methyl methacrylate)/epoxidized-natural-rubber blends, Journal of Applied Polymer Science 3561–3572 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.20384
[4] M. H. Buraidah, L.P.Teo, S.R.Majid, R.Yahya, R.M.Taha, A.K.Arof, Characterizations of chitosan-based polymer electrolyte photovoltaic cells, International Journal of Photoenergy, 1–7 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/805836
[5] R.I. Mattos, C.E.T., J.P. Donoso, A. Pawlicka, NMR study of starch based polymer gel electrolytes: humidity effects, Electrochimica Acta, 1461–1465 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2007.05.061
[6] A. Ahmad, M.Y.A.R. Rahman, M. L. M. Ali, H. Hashim, F. A. Kalam, Solid polymeric electrolyte of PVC-ENR-LiClO₄, Ionics, 67–70 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11581-007-0074-2
[7] Razali Idris, M.D.G., R.J. Latham*, R.G. Linford, W.S. Schlindwein, Polymer electrolytes based on modified natural rubber for use in rechargeable lithium batteries, Journal of Power Sources 206–211 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(00)00588-7
[8] Asa Lauenstein, A.J., and Jörgen Tegenfeldt, Water absorption of the polymer electrolyte systems Pb(CF₃SO₃)₂·PEO and Zn(CF₃SO₃)₂·PEO, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 1819–1823 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2055010
[9] Loadman, J.E.D. & M.J.R., A chemical demonstration of the randomness of epoxidation of natural rubber. British Polymer Journal, 134–138 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.4980160305
[10] Zeng Zong-Qiang, Y.H.-P., Wang Qi-Fang, Lu Guang, Effects of coagulation processes on properties of epoxidized natural rubber, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 1944–1949 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.28119
[11] Suhawati Ibrahim, R.D., Ibrahim Abdullah, Functionalization of liquid natural rubber via oxidative degradation of natural rubber, Polymers, 2928–2941 (2014). https://doi.org/10.3390/polym6122928
[12] N.A. Kinasih, M.I.F., D.A. Winarto, Swelling behaviour in n-pentane and mechanical properties of epoxidized natural rubber with different epoxide content, Innovation in Polymer Science and Technology, Proc. IOP Conf. Ser., Mater. Sci. Eng., Vol. 223, 012002 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/223/1/012002
[13] Jean-Francois Le Nest, A.G., Hervé Cheradame, crosslinked polyethers as media for ionic conduction, British Polymer Journal, 253–268 (1998).
[14] Rajiv Kumar, J.P.S., S.S. Sekhon, FTIR study of ion dissociation in PMMA based gel electrolytes containing ammonium triflate: Role of dielectric constant of solvent, European Polymer Journal, 2718–2725 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2005.05.010
[15] Nakamoto, K., Infrared and Raman spectra of inorganic and coordination compounds, Part A: Theory and applications in inorganic chemistry, John Wiley & Sons (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470405840
[16] Phan Trung Nghia, Yoshimasa Yamamoto, Warunee Klinklai, Takayuki Saito, Seiichi Kawahara, Removal of proteins from natural rubber with urea and its application to continuous processes, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2329–2332 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.27236