Improvement of Detergency Properties and Anti-Microbial Action of Biosoaps Using Saponin-Rich Extract and Α-Bisabolol Essential Oil
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this study, natural ingredients were added to bio-soaps, synthesized from castor oil, a plant-derived ingredient, to improve the detergency, anti-bacterial, and stability capabilities (saponin from Soapacean fruit and essential oil of chamomile) of such soap. The saponin from soapnut fruit was extracted by an extraction process based on ethanol extraction. The saponin concentration in the extract was determined by the UV-Vis spectroscopy method. By evaluating the height and stability of the foam column, the surface tension using the Du Noüy method, and critical micelle concentrations (CMC), we looked into the efficiency of saponin in enhancing soap properties. The results show that saponin will reduce the value of CMC and, at the same time, expand the working limit of soap in brackish water and hard water (containing Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions). In addition, the presence of saponins and α-Bisabolol essential oil enhanced the anti-bacterial properties of the soap. These results expand the possibility of using natural substances in making green products that are clean and safe for humans and the environment.
Keywords
α-Bisabolol essential oil, anti-bacterial properties, bio soaps, saponins
Article Details
References
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[18] A. Salimi, B. Alami, and J. Pourahmad, Analysis of cytotoxic effects of chlorhexidine gluconate as antiseptic agent on human blood lymphocytes, (in eng), Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, vol. 31, no. 8, Aug 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.21918.
[2] R. Jahan, A. M. Bodratti, M. Tsianou, and P. Alexandridis, Biosurfactants, natural alternatives to synthetic surfactants: Physicochemical properties and applications, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 275, p. 102061, 2020/01/01/ 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2019.102061.
[3] J. Steber and H. Berger, Biodegradability of anionic surfactants, in Biodegradability of Surfactants, D. R. Karsa and M. R. Porter Eds. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995, pp. 134-182.
[4] M. J. Scott and M. N. Jones, The biodegradation of surfactants in the environment, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes, vol. 1508, no. 1-2, pp. 235-251, 2000.
[5] S. Bhatta, L. R. Joshi, D. Khakurel, and R. W. Bussmann, Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. Sapindaceae, in Ethnobotany of the Himalayas, R. M. Kunwar, H. Sher, and R. W. Bussmann Eds. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020, pp. 1-9.
[6] M. D. Kose, O. J. W. J. o. R. Bayraktar, and Review, Extraction of saponins from soapnut (Sapindus Mukorossi) and their anti-microbial properties, World Journal of Research and Review, vol. 2, no. 5, p. 262952, 2016.
[7] J. Lee, H. Jun, E. Jung, J. Ha, and D. Park, Whitening effect of α-bisabolol in Asian women subjects, Int. J. Cosmetic Sci., vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 299-303, 2010/08/01 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00560.x.
[8] C. A. C. de Medeiros et al., Evaluating the Antifungal Activity of α-Bisabolol in Association with NaCl on Fusarium oxysporum in Maize Grains, (in Eng), Curr. Microbiol., vol. 78, no. 2, pp. 604-610, Feb 2021, https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s00284-020-02313-8.
[9] L. B. Eddin et al., Health Benefits, Pharmacological Effects, Molecular Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Potential of α-Bisabolol, (in eng), Nutrients, vol. 14, no. 7, p. 1370, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071370.
[10] C. Y. Cheok, H. A. K. Salman, and R. Sulaiman, Extraction and quantification of saponins: A review, Food Research International, vol. 59, pp. 16-40, 2014/05/01 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.01.057.
[11] S. Hiai, H. Oura, and T. Nakajima, Color reaction of some sapogenins and saponins with vanillin and sulfur1c acid, Planta Medica, vol. 29, no. 02, pp. 116-122, 1976.
[12] R. Awang, S. Ahmad, R. Ghazali, Properties of sodium soap derived from palm-based dihydroxysteatic acid, Journal of Oil Palm Research, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 33-38, 2001.
[13] S. Wolfrum, J. Marcus, D. Touraud, W. Kunz, A renaissance of soaps? — How to make clear and stable solutions at neutral pH and room temperature, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 236, pp. 28-42, 2016/10/01/ 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2016.07.002.
[14] S. E. Anachkov, S. Tcholakova, D. T. Dimitrova, N. D. Denkov, N. Subrahmaniam, and P. Bhunia, Adsorption of linear alkyl benzene sulfonates on oil–water interface: Effects of Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions, Colloids Surf. Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, vol. 466, pp. 18-27, 2015/02/05, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.10.059.
[15] M. Abdul Rub, Aggregation and interfacial phenomenon of amphiphilic drug under the influence of pharmaceutical excipients (green/biocompatible gemini surfactant), PLOS ONE, vol. 14, no. 2, p. e0211077, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211077.
[16] N. Yekeen, A. A. Malik, A. K. Idris, N. I. Reepei, and K. Ganie, Foaming properties, wettability alteration and interfacial tension reduction by saponin extracted from soapnut (Sapindus Mukorossi) at room and reservoir conditions, J Pet Sci Eng, vol. 195, p. 107591, Dec 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2020.107591.
[17] C. H. Rodriguez, L. H. Lowery, J. F. Scamehorn, and J. H. Harwell, Kinetics of precipitation of surfactants. I. Anionic surfactants with calcium and with cationic surfactants, Journal of Surfactants and Detergents, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-14, 2001/01/01 2001, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11743-001-0155-7.
[18] A. Salimi, B. Alami, and J. Pourahmad, Analysis of cytotoxic effects of chlorhexidine gluconate as antiseptic agent on human blood lymphocytes, (in eng), Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology, vol. 31, no. 8, Aug 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.21918.