Research to synthesize cationic polyacrylamide emulsion use for treatment wastewater drain from the paper-making process
Main Article Content
Abstract
Cationic polyacrylamide emulsions (CPAM) are widely applied in industries such as petroleum extraction, paper-making, cosmetics, and wastewater treatment... Currently, on the market CPAM products are very diverse, depending on the needs of each field the selected products have different characteristics such as molecular weights, and cation content... For paper wastewater treatment, CPAM is required to have a cation content of 30–40% and a molecular weight of 6–12 million Da. There are many studies on synthesizing CPAM, but most of them have been implemented by traditional methods, investigating each factor affecting the polymerization process of CPAM, product characteristics as well as the conversion of a synthesis reaction, none has suggested the simultaneous influence of input parameters. In this study, a new approach to finding the optimizing condition for reaction by using model Box – Behnken in Design Expert software. The obtained regression equations and response surface model could help to find the optimizing input factors for reaction faster, saving research time for developing new products and reducing the production costs compared to traditional methods. Additionally, due to the emulsion having a short storage time, so quick optimization of the synthesis conditions for CPAM production could help manufacturers can localized products to rapidly satisfy market demand instead of waiting for import, sometimes products over pot life due to a long time of transportation. This study obtained copolymers with a molecular weight of 8.042.957 Da, a cation degree of 35.68% with optimal conditions: monomer concentration of 25%, the content of cation monomer of 40.70%, the content of initiator of 0.54%, stirring speed of 2600 rpm, reaction temperature of 61°C, and reaction time of 7 hours. The results of trial testing to treat the wastewater collected from the paper-making process show that the synthetic CPAM has a similar performance compared with imported CPAM on the market. The characterization of CPAM and sludge samples after treatment performed by analysis: FTIR infrared spectroscopy and 1H-NMR magnetic resonance spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering method- DLS, permeation chromatography method gel- GPC, and thermal analysis method TG-DSC. The surface structure of the sludge were analyzed by SEM images.
Keywords
emulsions, cationic polyacrylamide, molecular weight, cationic degree, paper industry wastewater
Article Details
References
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[3] Z. Jiang and J. Zhu, Cationic polyacrylamide: synthesis and application in sludge dewatering treatment, Asian Journal of Chemistry, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 629-633, 2014. https://doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2014.16055
[4] C. Yuning, L. Xuhao, Z. Wang, F. Li, X. Jiehong, L. Zeluan, X. Zhihong, L. Bingzhi, L. Xiang and Z. Huaili, Research on a new cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) with a cationic microblock structure and its enhanced effect on sludge conditionand dewatering, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 28, no. 37, p. 51865-51878, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14325-3
[5] B. Z. Djibrine, H. Zheng, M. Wang, S. Liu, X. Tang, S. Khan, A. N. Jimenéz và L. Feng, An effective flocculation method to the kaolin wastewater treatment by a cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM): Preparation, characterization, and flocculation performance, International Journal of Polymer Science, 2018, pp. 1-12, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5294251
[6] J. Ma, K. Fu, X. Fu, Q. Guan, L. Ding, J. Shi, G. Zhu, X. Zhang, S. Zhang and L. Jiang, Flocculation properties and kinetic investigation of polyacrylamide with different cationic monomer content for high turbid water purification, Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 182, pp. 134-143, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.03.048
[7] Y. Wang, B. Shi and H. Hu, Application of a novel cationic polyacrylamide as flocculant in treatment of papermaking wastewater, International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBBE.2010.5517081
[8] Y. Wang, K. Chen, L. Mo, J. Li and J. Xu, Optimization of coagulation-flocculation process for papermaking-reconstituted tobacco slice wastewater treatment using response surface methodology, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 392-396, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.04.033
[9] B. T. Thanh, N. P. D. Linh, N. H. Tung, N. T. Nhung, N. T. P. Thao, D. T. Ngoc and T. T. L. Anh, Optimizing the conditions of cationic polyacrylamide inverse emulsion synthesis reaction to obtain high molecular weight polymers, Polymers, vol. 14, no. 14, pp. 1-16, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14142866
[10] N. H. Tung, N. P. D. Linh, N. T. P. Thao, L. X. A. Minh, K. T. T. Linh, T. T. Huong and B. T. Thanh, Optimization conditions to obtain cationic polyacrylamide emulsion copolymers with desired cationic degree for different wastewater treatments, Polymers, vol. 15, no. 12, pp. 1-15, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15122693
[11] M. Behbahani, M. A. Moghaddam and M. Arami, Techno-economical evaluation of fluoride removal by electrocoagulation process: Optimization through response surface methodology, Desalination, vol. 271, no. 1-3, p. 209-218, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.12.033
[12] J. Ma, J. Shi, H. Ding, G. Zhu, K. Fu and X. Fu, Synthesis of cationic polyacrylamide by low-pressure UV initiation for turbidity water flocculation, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 312, pp. 20-29, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.11.114
[13] J. Ma, K. Fu, L. Ding, L. Jiang, Q. Guan, S. Zhang, H. Zhang, J. Shi and X. Fu, Flocculation performance of cationic polyacrylamide with high cationic degree in humic acid synthetic water treatment and effect of kaolin particles, Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 181, pp. 201-212, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.03.027
[14] K. Yang, J. Chen and C. Yao, Cationic polyacrylamide emulsion with ultra-high concentration as a flocculant for paper mill wastewater treatment, BioResources, pp. 3173-3189, 2020. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.2.3173-3189
[15] K. Hatada, T. Kitayama, T. Nishiura and W. Shibuya, Relation between the reactivities of vinyl monomers in ionic polymerizations and their 1H NMR spectra, Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry, vol. 40, no. 13, pp. 2134-2147, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1002/pola.10296
[16] J. Zhu, H. Zheng, Z. Jiang, Z. Zhang, L. Liu, Y. Sun and T. Tshukudu, Synthesis and characterization of a dewatering reagent: cationic polyacrylamide (P(AMDMC-DAC)) for activated sludge dewatering treatment, Desalination and Water Treatment, vol. 51, no. 13-15, p. 2791-2801, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2012.749579
[17] Z. L. Yang, B. Y. Gao, C. X. Li, Q. Y. Yue and B. Liu, Synthesis and characterization of hydrophobically associating cationic polyacrylamide, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 161, no. 1-2, pp. 27-33, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.04.015
[18] L. Feng, H. Zheng, Y. Wang, S. Zhang and B. Xu, Ultrasonic-template technology inducing and regulating cationic microblocks in CPAM: characterization, mechanism and sludge flocculation performance, RSC Advances, vol. 7, no. 38, p. 23444-23456, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7RA03784H
[19] L. Feng, S. Liu, H. Zheng, J. Liang, Y. Sun, S. Zhang and X. Chen, Using ultrasonic (US)-initiated template copolymerization for preparation of an enhanced cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) and its application in sludge dewatering, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, vol. 44, pp. 53-63, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.02.017
[20] M. Preisner, E. N. Dziopak and Z. Kowalewski, An analytical review of different approaches to wastewater discharge standards with particular emphasis on nutrients, Environmental Management, vol. 66, p. 694-708, 2020.