Authenticating the origin of Pakchoi using metal content in the edible part of Pakchoi at Hanoi market, Vietnam
Main Article Content
Abstract
Pakchoi (Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis) is a familiar vegetable and is widely grown in Vietnam and many other Southeast Asian countries. Like other Brassica plants, Pakchoi has long been known for its ability to accumulate a variety of metals. Using the metal content data in the edible part of Pakchoi from Chuong My, Me Linh, and Dan Phuong (3 areas specializing in growing Pakchoi serving Hanoi market) during the period from September 2021 to April 2024, this study evaluated the ability to authenticate the origin of Pakchoi using the PCA and LDA methods. 27 kinds of metal in the edible parts of Pakchoi from these areas, including Li, Bo, Mg, Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Zn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, As, Rb, Sr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sb, Cs, Ba, Hg, Tl, Pb, and Bi, were determined by ICP-MS. Multivariate Statistical Analysis methods (Principal component analysis-PCA and Linear Discriminant Analysis-LDA) were used and LDA method was successful in distinguishing the three geographical areas. Of the total 27 metals, the characteristic metals used for distinction in LDA were shown, including: As, Ba, Co, Cs, Li. In addition, the model constructed by LDA showed the ability to accurately recognize 27/27 prepared prediction samples. This research shows the potential of using metal content results in building a model to authenticate the geographical origin of Pakchoi in particular and other vegetable crops in general in the food market in the Hanoi, Vietnam.
Keywords
Pakchoi, Hanoi, Metal content, ICP-MS, LDA, PCA
Article Details
References
[2] A. Kalisz, A. Kostrzewa, J. Sekara, and A. Grabowska Stanislaw, Yield and nutritional quality of several nonheading Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis) cultivars with different growing period and its modelling, Korean Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, vol. 30, iss. 6, pp. 650-656, 2012. https://doi.org/10.7235/hort.2012.12108
[3] P. Hanson, R. Yang, L. Chang, L. Ledesma, and D. Ledesma, Contents of carotenoids, ascorbic acid, minerals and total glucosinolates in leafy brassica pakchoi (Brassica rapaL.chinensis) as affected by season and variety, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, vol. 89, iss. 5, pp. 906-914, Mar. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3533
[4] K. Pearson, LIII. On lines and planes of closest fit to systems of points in space, The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, vol. 2, iss. 11, pp. 559-572, Jun. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786440109462720
[5] H. Hotelling, Analysis of a complex of statistical variables into principal components, Journal of Educational Psychology, vol. 24, pp. 498-520, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0070888
[6] D. Granato, J. S. Santos, G. B. Escher, B. L. Ferreira, and R. M. Maggio, Use of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) for multivariate association between bioactive compounds and functional properties in foods: a critical perspective, Trends in Food Science & Technology, vol. 72, pp. 83-90, Feb. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2017.12.006
[7] R. A. Fisher, The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems, Annals of Eugenics, vol. 7, iss. 2, pp. 179-188, Sep. 1936. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x
[8] G. J. McLachlan, Discriminant Analysis and Statistical Pattern Recognition, Wiley Interscience, 2004, 552 pp.
[9] A. M. Martinez, PCA versus LDA in IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 23, iss. 2, pp. 228-233, Feb. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1109/34.908974
[10] N. Bolan, S. Mahimairaja, A. Kunhikrishnan, B. Seshadri, and R. Thangarajan, Bioavailability and ecotoxicity of arsenic species in solution culture and soil system: implications to remediation, Environmental Science and Polluttion Research, vol. 22, iss. 12, pp. 8866-8875, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1827-2
[11] S. Bhattacharya, P. Sharma, S. Mitra, I. Mallick, and A. Ghosh, Arsenic uptake and bioaccumulation in plants: A review on remediation and socio-economic perspective in Southeast Asia, Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, vol. 15, May. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2021.100430
[12] R. Q. Huang, S. F. Gao, W. L. Wang, S. Staunton, and G. Wang, Soil arsenic availability and the transfer of soil arsenic to crops in suburban areas in Fujian Province, southeast China, Science of the Total Environment, vol. 368, iss 2-3, pp. 531-41, Sep. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.03.013
[13] P. J. White and M. R. Broadley, Mechanisms of caesium uptake by plants, New Phytologist, pp. 241-256, Jul. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00704.x
[14] F. M. Chaudhry, A. Wallace, and R. T. Mueller, Barium toxicity in plants, Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, vol. 8, iss. 9, Nov. 2008, pp. 795-797. https://doi.org/10.1080/00103627709366776
[15] R. Suwa, K. Jayachandran, N. T. Nguyen, A. Boulenouar, K. Fujita, and H. Saneoka, Barium toxicity effects in soybean plants, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 55, pp. 397-403, Feb. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-008-9132-7
[16] H. Bouslimi, R. Ferreira, N. Dridi, P. Brito, S. MartinsDias, I. Caçador, and N. Sleimi, Effects of Barium Stress in Brassica juncea and Cakile maritima: The indicator role of some antioxidant enzymes and secondary metabolites, Phyton, vol. 90, no. 1, pp. 145-158, 2021. https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2020.011752
[17] S. Khalid, M. Shahid, R. Naz, N. K. Niazi, A. A. Al-Kahtani, Z. A. Alothman, R. Fatima, and B. Murtaza, Cobalt in soil-plant-human system: a data-analysis review, Environmental and Earth Sciences, Sep. 2023. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202309.1436.v1
[18] S. L. Hull, U. V. Oty, and W. M. Mayes, Rapid recovery of benthic invertebrates downstream of hyperalkaline steel slag discharges, Hydrobiologia, vol. 736, pp. 83-97, May. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-014-1894-5
[19] S. Al-Thyabat, T. Nakamura, E. Shibata, and A. Iizuka, Adaptation of minerals processing operations for lithium-ion (LiBs) and nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries recycling: critical review, Minerals Engineering, vol. 45, pp. 4-17, May. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2012.12.005