A Gaussian Mixture Model Based GNSS Spoofing Detector using Double Difference of Carrier Phase
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a novel method to effectively detect GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) spoofing signals. Our approach utilizes mixtures of Gaussian distributions to model the Carrier Phase’s Double Difference (DD) produced by two separated receivers. DD calculation eliminates measurement errors such as ionosphere error, tropospheric error and clock bias. DD values contain the angle of arrival (AOA) information and a small amount of Gaussian noise. The authentic GNSS signals come from different directions, therefore AOA values are different for each satellite. In contrast, spoofing signals from one broadcaster should always have the same direction. Therefore, DD values of authentic satellites contain mainly the double difference of AOA values, while DD of spoofing satellites contains only an insignificant amount of Gaussian noise. That rough observation is the theoretical basis for our proposal in which we use Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) to learn the distribution of DD values calculated for both kinds of satellites. The pre-trained GMMs are then utilized for detecting non-authentic signals coming from spoofing satellites.
Keywords
GMM, AOA, spoofing detector, GNSS
Article Details
References
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[2] Humphreys, T. E., Ledvina, B. M., Psiaki, M. L., O’Hanlon, B. W, and Kintner, Jr., P. M., Assessing the Spoofing Threat: Development of a Portable GPS Civilian Spoofer, Proceedings of ION GNSS 2008, Institute of Navigation, Savannah, GA, 2008.
[3] P. Y. Montgomery, T. E. Humphreys, and B. M. Ledvina, Receiver-autonomous spoofing detection: Experimental results of a multi-antenna receiver defense against a portable civil GPS spoofer, in Proc. of the International Technical Meeting of the Institute of Navigation, (Anaheim, CA), pp. 124–130, Jan. 2009.
[4] Key, E. L., Techniques to Counter GPS Spoofing, Internal memorandum, MITRE Corporation, Feb. 1995.
[5] Borio, D., and Gioia, C., A dual-antenna spoofing detection system using GNSS commercial receivers. In Proceedings of The 28th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+), Tampa, FL, Sep. 2015, pp. 1–6.
[6] Vulnerability assessment of the transportation infrastructure relying on the Global Positioning System, Tech. rep., John A. Volpe National Transportation Systems Center, 2001.
[7] IFEN NavX-NCS Essential Simulator website: https://www.ifen.com/products/navx-ncs-essential-gnss-simulator/
[8] https://www.septentrio.com/products/gnss-receivers/rover-base-receivers/oem-receiver-boards/asterx4-oem
[9] V. H. Nguyen, G. Falco, M. Nicola, E. Falletti, A Dual Antenna GNSS Spoofing Detector Based on the Dispersion of Double Difference Measurements, NAVITEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands (2018).
[10] Rui Xu, Mengyu Ding, Ya Qi, Shuai Yue, Jianye Liu, Performance Analysis of GNSS/INS Loosely Coupled Integration Systems under Spoofing Attacks, Sensors 2018, DOI:10.3390/s18124108.
[11] Y. F. Hu, S. Bian, B. Ji, J. Li, GNSS spoofing detection technique using fraction parts of double-difference carrier phases, J. Navig. 2018, 71, pp. 1111–1129.
[12] Li He, Hong Li, Mingquan Lu, Dual-antenna GNSS spoofing detection method based on Doppler frequency difference of arrival, GPS Solutions, July 2019.
[13] Y. Hu, S. Bian, K. Cao, B. Ji, GNSS spoofing detection based on new signal quality assessment model, GPS Solutions, vol. 22, pp. 28, Jan. 2018.
[14] Esteban Garbin Manfredini, Dennis M. Akos, Yu-Hsuan Chen, Sherman Lo, Todd Walter, and Per Enge, Effective GPS Spoofing Detection Utilizing Metrics from Commercial Receivers, Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation International Technical Meeting, Reston, VA, January 2018.
[15] G. Caparra, J. T. Curran, On the Achievable Equivalent Security of GNSS Ranging Code Encryption, in IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS) 2018, Monterey, California, 2018.
[16] Douglas Reynolds, Gaussian Mixture Models, Encyclopedia of Biometrics, pp. 659–663, Springer, ISBN: 978-0-387-73003-5.