Fe₂O₃ Nanomaterials Synthesized by Sol-Gel Method and Their Electrochemical Properties
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this study, Fe₂O₃ nanopowder was synthesized by sol-gel method from the raw materials Fe(NO₃)₃.9H₂O and oxalic acid C₂H₂O₄.2H₂O to find the suitable materials applying for rechargeable Fe-air battery anode. The structure, size and morphology of the obtained Fe₂O₃ materials were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical properties of Fe₂O₃ materials have been investigated via cyclic voltammetry measurement. The effect of carbon additive (AB) in Fe₂O₃/AB electrodes was also investigated to evaluate its applicability in the rechargeable Fe-air battery. The results showed that the fabricated Fe₂O₃ materials had clear redox peaks, especially Fe₂O₃/AB electrode provided high redox current suggesting that its cyclability was better when AB was added in the electrode. The additive AB increased the electrical conductivity of the electrode and improved the cyclability of the Fe₂O₃/AB electrode. Beside that, K₂S additive in electrolyte facilitated the redox reaction rate of iron, reduced hydrogen evolution, leading to increased redox current, and thus improved the capacity and cycling efficiency of Fe₂O₃/AB electrode.
Keywords
Fe₂O₃ nanomaterials, Fe₂O₃/AB electrode, sol-gel method, rechargeable Fe-air battery
Article Details
References
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[22] Tran Tuan Anh, Doan Ha Thang, Bui Thi Hang, The influence of carbon additive on the electrochemical behaviors of Fe₂O₃/C electrodes in alkaline solution, Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 56 (2018) pp. 24-30.
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[2] A. Paulraj, Y. Kiros, B. Skarman, and H. Vidarsson, Core/Shell Structure Nano-Iron/Carbon Electrodes for Rechargeable Alkaline Iron Batteries, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 164 (2017) A1665-A1672.
[3] A. K. Manohar, S. Malkhandi, B.Yang, C. Yang, G.K.S. Prakash, and S.R. Narayanan, A High Performance Rechargeable Iron Electrode for Large Scale Battery Based Energy Storage, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 159 (2012) A1209-A1214.
[4] A. Inoishi, Y. W. Ju, S. Ida, T. Ishihara, Fe-air rechargeable battery using oxide ion conducting electrolyte of Y₂O₃ stabilized ZrO₂, Journal of Power Sources 229 (2013) 12-17.
[5] C. Kao, K. Chou, Iron/carbon-black composite nanoparticles as an iron electrode material in a paste type rechargeable alkaline battery, Journal of Power Sources 195 (2010) 2399-2404.
[6] S. R. Narayanan, G. K. Surya Prakash, A. Manohar, B. Yang, S. Malkhandi, and A. Kindler, Materials challenges and technical approaches for realizing inexpensive and robust iron-air batteries for large scale energy storage, Solid State Ionics, 216 (2011)105-109.
[7] S. R. Narayanan, G. K. Surya Prakash, and A. Kindler, Iron-air rechargeable battery, US Patent 2010-36696P, WO2012012731.
[8] A. K. Manohar, S. Malkhandi, B. Yang, C. Yang, G. K. S. Prakash, and S. R. Narayanan, A High-Performance Rechargeable Iron Electrode for LargeScale Battery-Based Energy Storage, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 159 (8) (2012) A1209-A1214.
[9] T.S. Balasubramanian, A.K. Shukla, Effect of metalsulfide additives on charge/discharge reactions of the alkaline iron electrode, J. Power Sources 41 (1993) 99-105.
[10] J. Cerny, J. Jindra, K. Micka, Comparative study of porous iron electrodes, J. Power Sources 45 (1993) 267-279.
[11] P. Periasamy, B.R. Babu, S.V. Iyer, Performance Characterization of Sintered Iron Electrodes in Nickel/Iron Alkaline Batteries, J. Power Sources 62 (1996) 9-14.
[12] C.A. Caldas, M.C. Lopes, I.A. Carlos, The role of FeS and (NH₄)₂CO₃ additives on the pressed type Fe electrode, J. Power Sources 74 (1998) 108-112.
[13] C.A.C. Souza, I.A. Carlos, M.C. Lopes, G.A. Finazzi, M.R.H. de Almeida, Short communication Self-discharge of Fe–Ni alkaline batteries, J. Power Sources 132 (2004) 288-290.
[14] A. Manohar, C.Yang, S. Malkhandi, G.K.S. Prakash, and S.R.Narayanan, Enhancing the Performance of the Rechargeable Iron Electrode in Alkaline Batteries with Bismuth Oxide and Iron Sulfide Additives, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 160 (2013) A2078-A2084.
[15] J. Cerny, K. Micka, Voltammetric study of an iron electrode in alkaline electrolytes, J. Power Sources 25 (1989) 111-122.
[16] P. Periasamy, B.R. Babu, S.V. Iyer, Electrochemical behaviour of teflon-bonded iron oxide electrodes in alkaline solutions, J. Power Sources 63 (1996) 79-85.
[17] B. T. Hang, T. Watanabe, M. Egashira, I. Watanabe, S. Okada, J. Yamaki, The effect of additives on the electrochemical properties of Fe/C composite for Fe/air battery anode, J. Power Sources 155 (2006) 461-469.
[18] A. K. Manohar, C. Yang, and S.R. Narayanan, The Role of Sulfide Additives in Achieving Long Cycle Life Rechargeable Iron Electrodes in Alkaline Batteries, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 162 (2015) A1864-A1872.
[19] K. Micka, Z. Zabransky, Study of iron oxide electrodes in an alkaline electrolyte, J. Power Sources 19 (1987) 315-323.
[20] M. Jayalakshmi, B.N. Begum, V.R. Chidambaram, R. Sabapathi, V.S. Muralidharan, Role of activation on the performance of the iron negative electrode in nickel/iron cells, J. Power Sources 39 (1992) 113-119.
[21] Bui Thi Hang, Electrochemical characteristics of Fe₂O₃ electrode in alkaline solution, Journal of Science and Technology (Technical Universities), 133 (2019) 68-72.
[22] Tran Tuan Anh, Doan Ha Thang, Bui Thi Hang, The influence of carbon additive on the electrochemical behaviors of Fe₂O₃/C electrodes in alkaline solution, Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 56 (2018) pp. 24-30.
[23] G. P. Kalaignan, V. S. Muralidharan and K. I. Vasu, Triangular potential sweep voltammetric study of porous iron electrodes in alkali solutions, J. Appl. Electrochem. 17 (1987) 1083-1092.
[24] D. W. Shoesmith, P. Taylor, M. G. Bailey and B. Ikeda, Electrochemical behaviour of iron in alkaline sulphide solutions, Electrochim. Acta, 23 (1978) 903-916.
[25] K. Vijayamohanan, A. K. Shukla and S. Sathyanarayana, Role of Sulfide Additives on the Performance of Alkaline Iron Electrodes, J. Electrochal. Chem. 289 (1990) 55-68.