Finger-Photoplethysmography: Intensive Development and Validation for Noninvasive Measurement of Blood Glucose
Main Article Content
Abstract
This paper presents a specialized design and intensive validations for measuring blood glucose using photoplethysmography with pulsed light. Glucose level is an important index because whose excess can cause serious complications. Photoplethysmography had been introduced as a potential method for daily monitoring glucose level. Following the trend, most of the published studies focused on identifying the correlation between the glycemic index and infrared light absorption. However, the simple measurement system limits the development of the potential technique. This paper presents a specialized design and intensive validations to apply and verify the use of pulsed light sources for developing more feasible measurement devices. Experimental results not only confirmed applicabilities of the new design with modulated light, but also exhibited remarkable phenomena and notable parameters for error prevention. Hence, this research could contribute useful reference for further studies.
Keywords
Blood glucose, Glycemic index, Photoplethysmography, PPG
Article Details
References
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[24] C. D. Chua, I. M. Gonzales, E. Manzano, and M. C. Manzano; Design and Fabrication of a Non-Invasive Blood Glucometer Using Paired Photo-Emitter and Detector Near-Infrared LEDs; DLSU Research Congress; Philippines; 2014.
[25] Y. Yamakoshi, K. Matsumura, T. Yamakoshi, J. Lee, P. Rolfe, Y. Kato, K. Shimizu, and K. Yamakoshi; Side-Scattered Finger-photoplethysmography: Experimental Investigations Toward Practical Noninvasive Measurement of Blood Glucose; Journal of Biomedical Optics, 22:6, (2017) 067001.
[26] B. Javid, F. F. Ghavizinejad, F. and S. Zakeri; Noninvasive Optical Diagnostic Techniques for Mobile Blood Glucose and Bilirubin Monitoring; Journal of Medical Signals & Sensors, 8:3, (2018) 125–139.
[27] M. Vanitha, G. Mathew, K. S. Divya, and R. Vignesh; Non-Invasive Glucose Estimation Using IR Spectroscopy; International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 6:5, (2016) 217–220.
[28] Duong Trong Luong, Nguyen Xuan Huy, Dao Viet Hung, Nguyen Thai Ha, and Nguyen Duc Thuan; Research and Design a Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Measuring Module; American Journal of Biomedical Sciences, 10:3, (2018) 149–156.
[2] A. F. Amos, D. J. McCarty, and P. Zimmet; The Rising Global Burden of Diabetes and Its Complications: Estimates and Projections to the Year 2010; Diabetic Medicine, 14: (1997) S7–S85.
[3] International Diabetes Federation, IDF Diabetes Atlas, 23–44, Brussels, 5th ed. 2011.
[4] S. Delbeck, T. Valsing, and S. Leonhardt; Non-Invasive Monitoring of Blood Glucose Using Optical Methods for Skin Spectroscopy—Opportunities and Recent Advances; Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 11:1, (2018) 63–77.
[5] K. Al-Rubeaan; The Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on Health and Economy of Gulf Cooperation Council Countries; Diabetes Management, 4:4, (2014) 49–58.
[6] W. Xu, Y. Deng, and M. Zhang; A New Strategy for Early Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Standard-Free, Label-Free LC-MS/MS Quantification of Glycated Peptides; Diabetes, (2013) DIB 130347.
[7] P. J. Watkins; ABC of Diabetes, BMJ Books, London, 5th ed. 2003.
[8] A. Trabelsi, M. Boukadoum, and M. Siaj; A Preliminary Investigation into the Design of an Implantable Optical Blood Glucose Sensor; American Journal of Biomedical Engineering, 1:2, (2011) 62–67.
[9] J. A. Tamada, S. Garg, L. Jovanovic, K. R. Pitzer, S. Fremi, and R. O. Potts; Noninvasive Glucose Monitoring: Comprehensive Clinical Results, JAMA - American Medical Association, 282:19, (1999) 1839–1844.
[10] J. Kost, M. Pishko, and S. Mitragotri; Transdermal Monitoring of Glucose and Other Analytes Using Ultrasound; Nature Medicine, 6:3, (2000) 347–350.
[11] J. Kottmann, J. M. Rey, and M. W. Sigrist; Mid-Infrared Photoacoustic Detection of Glucose in Human Skin: Towards Non-Invasive Diagnostics; Sensors, 16:10, (2016) 1–14.
[12] K. Takeuchi and B. Kim; Functionalized Microneedles for Continuous Glucose Monitoring; Nano Convergence, 5:28, (2018) 1–10.
[13] N. V. Alexeeva and M. A. Arnold; Impact of Tissue Heterogeneity on Noninvasive Near-Infrared Glucose Measurements in Interstitial Fluid of Rat Skin, Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 4:5, (2010) 1041–1054.
[14] L. Heinemann and G. Schmelzeisen-Redeker; Non-Invasive Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Type I Diabetic Patients with Optical Glucose Sensors; Diabetologia, 41:7, (1998) 848–854.
[15] M. A. Pleitez, T. Lieblein, A. Bauer, O. Hertzberg, H. Lilienfeld-Toal, and W. Mäntele; In Vivo Noninvasive Monitoring of Glucose Concentration in Human Epidermis by Mid-Infrared Pulsed Photoacoustic Spectroscopy; Analytical Chemistry, 85:2, (2012) 1013–1020.
[16] R. Pandey, S. K. Paidi, T. A. Valdez, C. Zhang, N. Spegazzini, R. Dasari, and I. Barman; Noninvasive Monitoring of Blood Glucose with Raman Spectroscopy; Accounts of Chemical Research, 50:2, (2017) 264–272.
[17] G. Gelao, R. Marani, V. Carriero, and A. G. Perri; Design of a Dielectric Spectroscopy Sensor for Continuous and Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Monitoring; International Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology, (2012) 55–64.
[18] J. Kim, A. S. Campbell, and J. Wang; Wearable noninvasive epidermal glucose sensors: A review; Talanta, 177, (2018) 163–170.
[19] E. Cengiz and W. V. Tamborlane; A Tale of Two Compartments: Interstitial Versus Blood Glucose Monitoring; Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 11:1, (2009) S11–S16.
[20] S. N. Thennodal, J. L. Rennert, B. J. Wenzel, K. H. Hazen, T. L. Ruchti, and M. B. Block; Comparison of Glucose Concentration in Interstitial Fluid and Capillary and Venous Blood During Rapid Changes in Blood Glucose Levels; Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 3:3, (2009) 357–365.
[21] H. M. Heise and A. B. Bittner; Near Infrared Spectrometric Investigation of Pulsatile Blood Glucose for Non-Invasive Metabolite Monitoring; The 11th International Conference on Fourier Transform Spectroscopy; New York; 1998; 282–285.
[22] C. D. Bobade and M. S. Patil; Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Level Monitoring System for Diabetic Patients Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy; American Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology, 4:1, (2016).
[23] P. Daarani and A. Kavithamani; Blood Glucose Level Monitoring by Noninvasive Method Using Near Infrared Sensor; International Journal of Latest Trends in Engineering and Technology, (2017) 141–147.
[24] C. D. Chua, I. M. Gonzales, E. Manzano, and M. C. Manzano; Design and Fabrication of a Non-Invasive Blood Glucometer Using Paired Photo-Emitter and Detector Near-Infrared LEDs; DLSU Research Congress; Philippines; 2014.
[25] Y. Yamakoshi, K. Matsumura, T. Yamakoshi, J. Lee, P. Rolfe, Y. Kato, K. Shimizu, and K. Yamakoshi; Side-Scattered Finger-photoplethysmography: Experimental Investigations Toward Practical Noninvasive Measurement of Blood Glucose; Journal of Biomedical Optics, 22:6, (2017) 067001.
[26] B. Javid, F. F. Ghavizinejad, F. and S. Zakeri; Noninvasive Optical Diagnostic Techniques for Mobile Blood Glucose and Bilirubin Monitoring; Journal of Medical Signals & Sensors, 8:3, (2018) 125–139.
[27] M. Vanitha, G. Mathew, K. S. Divya, and R. Vignesh; Non-Invasive Glucose Estimation Using IR Spectroscopy; International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 6:5, (2016) 217–220.
[28] Duong Trong Luong, Nguyen Xuan Huy, Dao Viet Hung, Nguyen Thai Ha, and Nguyen Duc Thuan; Research and Design a Non-Invasive Blood Glucose Measuring Module; American Journal of Biomedical Sciences, 10:3, (2018) 149–156.