Study on Nanofibrillated Cellulose Preparation from Paper Mill Sludge by Sulphuric Acid Hydrolysis with Added Hydrogen Peroxide
Main Article Content
Abstract
The fiber-containing sludge from treatment of paper mill effluents was used for preparation of nanofibrillated cellulose by multi-stage process. Firstly, the sludge was treated by hydrochloric acid solution and washed for recovery of cellulose. Secondly, as-recovered cellulosic pulp was treated by mixture of sulfuric acid 0.25% and added hydrogen peroxide 0.1% at 140°C for 2 hours. Cellulose pulp then was treated by solution of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide followed refining. The characteristics of nanofibrillated cellulose with fiber diameter less than 100 nm were determined by SEM, FTIR and XRD. The new method of nanocellulose preparation can be developed for production of value-added products from paper mill solid waste.
Keywords
Paper mill sludge, recovered cellulose, nanocellulose
Article Details
References
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[3] World patent WO 2012/014213 (2012). Method for production of cellulose nano crystals from cellulose-containing waste materials.
[4] Xinglian Geng, S. Y. Zhang, James Deng (2007). Characteristics of paper mill sludge and its utilization for manufacture of medium density of fiberboard. Wood and Fiber Science, 39(2), 345–351.
[5] Joël Soucy, Ahmed Koubaa, Sébastien Migneault, Bernard Riedl (2014). The potential of paper mill sludge for wood–plastic composites. Industrial Crops and Products, 54, 248–256.
[6] Ayfer Donmez Cavdara, Husnu Yel, Sevda Boran, Emrah Pesman (2017). Cement type composite panels manufactured using paper mill sludge as filler. Construction and Building Materials, 142, 410–416.
[7] V. R. Phillips, N. Kirkpatrick, I. M. Scotford, R. P. White, R. G. O. Burton (1997). The use of paper-mill sludges on agricultural land. Bioresource Technology, 60(1), 73–90.
[8] Marko Likon and Polonca Trebse (2012). Recent Advances in Paper Mill Sludge Management. Industrial waste, Intech, 73–90.
[9] Cintil Jose Chirayil, Lovely Mathew and Sabu Thomas (2014). Review of Recent Research in nanocellulose preparation from different lignocellulosic fibers. Reviews on Advanced Materials Science, 37, 20–28.
[10] Alcides Lopes Leao et al. (2012). Use of Primary Sludge from Pulp and Paper Mills for Nanocomposite, Molecular crystals and Liquid crystals, Vol. 556.
[11] Magdi E. Gibril, et al (2018). Beneficiation of pulp and paper mill sludge: production and characterisation of functionalised crystalline nanocellulose. Clean Technology and Environmental Policy, 20(8), 1835–1845.
[12] Orlando J. Rojas (2016). Cellulose Chemistry and Its Properties: Fiber, Nanocelluloses and advanced materials, Springer, Switzerland.
[13] Matheus Poletto and Heitor Luiz Ornaghi Junio (2015). Cellulose – Fundamental Aspects and Current Trends. In: Mikaela Börjesson, Gunnar Westman (eds.) Crystalline Nanocellulose – Preparation, modification and Properties, Intech Publisher, 159–191.
[14] Segal L, Creely J. J., Martin A. E., Conrad C. M. (1959). An Empirical Method for Estimating the Degree of Crystallinity of Native Cellulose Using the X-ray Diffractometer. Textile Research Journal, 29, 786–794.