Analytical Methods for Determination of Total Nitrogen Content in the Process of Synthesizing Chemically Modified Rubber Materials
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this study, the total nitrogen content of natural rubber was determined to evaluate the effectiveness of deproteinization on the synthesis of chemically modified rubber materials. The remaining protein content in the obtained deproteinized natural rubber (DPNR) was analyzed as nitrogen content using the Kjeldahl method. In this method, the amine nitrogen present in the proteins was converted into ammonia, which was subsequently determined by chemical and physical methods. From the findings obtained from the examination of experimental conditions, a novel procedure was devised to determine the total nitrogen content in rubber using traditional titration, potential titration and UV-Vis spectrophotometry methods. The newly established techniques exhibited favorable results regarding the method detection limit (MDL) and limit of quantification (LOQ). Among these methods, spectrophotometry displayed exceptional sensitivity, enabling precise and accurate quantification of low nitrogen concentrations. Notably, these methods exhibit a high degree of recovery, ranging from 94.5% to 106.3%.
Keywords
nitrogen content, deproteinized natural rubber, Kjeldahl method
Article Details
References
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[2] L. Bateman, Chemistry and Physics of Rubber-Like Substances, Wiley, New York, 1963, 784 pp.;
[3] K. Berthelot, S. Lecomte, Y. Estevez, and F. Peruch, Hevea brasiliensis REF (Hev b 1) and SRPP (Hev b 3): an overview on rubber particle proteins, Biochimie, vol. 106, pp. 1-9, Nov. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biochi.2014.07.002;
[4] T. A. Dung et al., Modification of Vietnam natural rubber via graft copolymerization with styrene, Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 669-675, 2017. https://doi.org/10.21577/0103-5053.20160217;
[5] N. T. Ha, K. Kaneda, Y. Naitoh, L. Fukuhara, K. Kosugi, and S. Kawahara, Preparation and graft‐copolymerization of hydrogenated natural rubber in latex stage, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 132, iss. 34, May. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.42435;
[6] H. Nguyen Duy et al., Improvement of thermal properties of Vietnam deproteinized natural rubber via graft copolymerization with styrene/acrylonitrile and diimide transfer hydrogenation, Polymers for Advanced Technologies, vol. 32, iss. 2, pp. 736-747, Oct. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.5126;
[7] N. Rimdusit et al., Radiation graft-copolymerization of ultrafine fully vulcanized powdered natural rubber: effects of styrene and acrylonitrile contents on thermal stability, Polymers, vol. 13, iss. 19, Oct. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13193447;
[8] P. Yu, H. He, and A. Dufresne, A novel interpenetrating polymer network of natural rubber/regenerated cellulose made by simple co-precipitation, Materials Letters, vol. 205, pp. 202-205, Oct. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2017.06.088;
[9] R. Blanchard, E. O. Ogunsona, S. Hojabr, R. Berry, and T. H. Mekonnen, Synergistic cross-linking and reinforcing enhancement of rubber latex with cellulose nanocrystals for glove applications, ACS Applied Polymer Materials, vol. 2, iss. 2, pp. 887-898, Jan. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.9b01117;
[10] P. Sáez-Plaza, M. J. Navas, S. Wybraniec, T. Michałowski, and A. G. Asuero, An overview of the Kjeldahl method of nitrogen determination, Part II. Sample preparation, working scale, instrumental finish, and quality control, Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry, vol. 43, iss. 4, pp. 224-272, Jul. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2012.751787;
[11] P. Y. Lim, Determination of chemical properties of meat: protein determination by Kjeldahl method, Laboratory Manual on Analytical Methods and Procedures for Fish and Fish Products, Marine Fisheries Research Department, Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center, 2nd ed., 1992, pp. B-1.1- B-1.3.;
[12] N. L. Qi, P. W. Li, X. H. Zeng, H. H. Huang, Z. M. Yang, and X. Gong, Comparison of Kjeldahl and the elemental analysis methods for determination of nitrogen content in raw natural rubber, Advanced Materials Research, vol. 815, pp. 722-726, Oct. 2013. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.815.722;
[13] ISO 6778:1984, Water quality - Determination of ammonium - Potentiometric method, 1984.;
[14] A. Hulanicki, M. Maj-Zurawska, and S. Głąb, Titrimetry | Potentiometry, Reference Module in Chemistry, Molecular Sciences and Chemical Engineering, Encyclopedia of Anlytical Science, 3rd edi., pp. 121-128, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-409547-2.00546-1;
[15] M. D. Krom, Spectrophotometric determination of ammonia: a study of a modified Berthelot reaction using salicylate and dichloroisocyanurate, Analyst, vol. 105, iss. 1249, pp. 305-316, 1980. https://doi.org/10.1039/an9800500305;
[16] U. S. E. P. Agency, Definition and Procedure for the Determination of the Method Detection Limit, EPA 821-R-16-006, Revision 2, 2016.;
[17] C. F. Liao, Devarda's alloy method for total nitrogen determination, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol. 45, iss. 5, pp. 852-855, Sep-Oct. 1981. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1981.0361599500450005x;
[18] R. R. I. Malaysia, R.R.I.M test methods for Standard Malaysian Rubbers, SMR Bulletin, no.7, 1973.