Proposal for a Doppler Shift Compensation Method Using Non-Uniform FFT with Pilot Carrier Frequency for OFDM-Based Underwater Acoustic Communication Systems
Main Article Content
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a method that uses the non-uniform Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) to compensate for Doppler frequency shifts in OFDM-based underwater acoustic (UWA) communication systems. To estimate the Doppler frequency shift, the paper proposes using a pilot carrier frequency (PCF) that is identified by transmitting with greater power in the frequency domain compared to other subcarriers. This identifier helps estimate both the Doppler frequency shift and the channel. The paper proposes estimating and compensating for the Doppler frequency shift in two steps: Step 1 performs coarse frequency synchronization, where the Doppler frequency shift is determined by using PCF signal. The Doppler shift correction is obtained by re-sampling the received signal, and then interpolating re-sampled signal. However, the Doppler shift compensation in the step 1 cannot correct the phase distortion of the measured PCF signal. Therefore, performing step 2, known as fine frequency synchronization, is necessary. In this step, the correction for the phase distortion is determined based on the phase difference between the two consecutive OFDM signals in one frame. The remaining Doppler frequency shift is adjusted based on the phase deviation, using the non-uniform FFT. By using the non-uniform FFT, the complexity of the ICI compensation is significantly reduced, and the quality of Doppler shift compensation is improved. The experience results show that the transmitted text will be decoded correctly by using the proposed technique.
Keywords
Pilot Carrier Frequency, Carrier Frequency Offset, Interchannel Interference, ununiform Fast Fourier Transform
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
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https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0673-1_2
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Optimizing Guard Interval Lengths for UWAOFDM Communication Systems Using
Geometry-Based Channel Modelling, in 2020
IEEE Eighth International Conference on
Communications and Electronics (ICCE), 2021,
pp. 18-23.
[22] C. P. Sree, B. Deepa, N. Mattaparthi, and S. A.
Mosa, Underwater Acoustic Communication
Modem Using QPSK Modulation for Improved
Performance of BER, International Journal of
Engineering Science Invention (IJESI), vol. 7,
no. 2 , pp. 19-25
spectrum for underwater acoustic channels, J.
Commun. Networks, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 270-281,
2017.
https://doi.org/10.1109/JCN.2017.000044
[2] P. A. Van Walree, Propagation and scattering
effects in underwater acoustic communication
channels, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 38, no. 4,
pp. 614-631, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2013.2278913
[3] M. Stojanovic, Low complexity OFDM detector
for underwater acoustic channels. IEEE, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2006.307057
[4] B. Li, S. Zhou, M. Stojanovic, L. Freitag, and P.
Willett, Multicarrier communication over
underwater acoustic channels with nonuniform
Doppler shifts, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 33, no.
2, pp. 198-209, 2008.
https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2008.920471
[5] A. Khedkar, M. Sumathi, and M. Murugan, Root
Raised cosine pulse shape based ICI suppression
in ofdm system for rayleigh multipath channel,
International Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IJET), vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 2795-2799.
[6] S. Mohseni and M. A. Matin, Study of the
sensitivity of the OFDM wireless systems to the
carrier frequency offset (CFO), Int. J. Distrib.
Parallel Syst., vol. 4, no. 1, p. 1, 2013.
https://doi.org/10.5121/ijdps.2013.4101
[7] N. Eldarov and T. Herfet, FFT-based equalizer
with Doppler compensation for OFDM systems
in time-variant multipath channels, in 2014 IEEE
International Conference on Consumer
Electronics (ICCE), 2014, pp. 33-36.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCE.2014.6775897
[8] A. Bishnu, A. Jain, and A. Shrivastava, A new
scheme of ICI self-cancellation in OFDM
system, in 2013 International Conference on
Communication Systems and Network
Technologies, 2013, pp. 120-123.
https://doi.org/10.1109/CSNT.2013.34
[9] P. K. Nishad and P. Singh, Carrier frequency
offset estimation in OFDM systems, in 2013
IEEE Conference on Information &
Communication Technologies, 2013, pp. 885-
889.
https://doi.org/10.1109/CICT.2013.6558220
[10] S. Ohno, E. Manasseh, and M. Nakamoto,
Preamble and pilot symbol design for channel
estimation in OFDM systems with null
subcarriers, EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun.
Netw., vol. 2011, no. 1, pp. 1-17, 2011.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-1499-2011-2
[11] M. E. Khedr, N. E.-D. El-Madany, and A. E.-S.
Rizk, Modified correlative coding for frequency
offset mitigation in ofdm systems, in 2009
International Conference on Computer
Technology and Development, 2009, vol. 1, pp.
112-115.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCTD.2009.146
[12] T. D. Cuprak and K. E. Wage, Efficient Dopplercompensated reiterative minimum meansquared-error processing, IEEE Trans. Aerosp.
Electron. Syst., vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 562-574, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2017.2651480
[13] K. Tu, T. M. Duman, M. Stojanovic, and J. G.
Proakis, Multiple-resampling receiver design for
OFDM over Doppler-distorted underwater
acoustic channels, IEEE J. Ocean. Eng., vol. 38,
no. 2, pp. 333-346, 2012.
https://doi.org/10.1109/JOE.2012.2221812
[14] D. B. Kilfoyle and A. B. Baggeroer, The state of
the art in underwater acoustic telemetry, IEEE J.
Ocean. Eng., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 4-27, 2000.
https://doi.org/10.1109/48.820733
[15] B. Park, H. Cheon, C. Kang, and D. Hong, A
simple preamble for OFDM timing offset
estimation, in Proceedings IEEE 56th Vehicular
Technology Conference, 2002, vol. 2, pp. 729-
732.
[16] S. Ohno, Preamble and pilot symbol design for
channel estimation in OFDM, in 2007 IEEE
International Conference on Acoustics, Speech
and Signal Processing-ICASSP’07, 2007, vol. 3,
pp. III-281.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICASSP.2007.366527
[17] Q. K. Nguyen and D. H. Do, Doppler
compensation method using carrier frequency
pilot for OFDM-based underwater acoustic
communication systems, in 2017 International
Conference on Advanced Technologies for
Communications (ATC), 2017, pp. 254-259.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ATC.2017.8167628
[18] S. Yoshizawa, T. Saito, Y. Mabuchi, T. Tsukui,
and S. Sawada, Parallel resampling of OFDM
signals for fluctuating doppler shifts in
underwater acoustic communication, J. Electr.
Comput. Eng., vol. 2018, 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANSKOBE.2018.8
559418
[19] H. L. N. Thi, Q. K. Nguyen, and T. H. Nguyen,
Low complexity non-uniform FFT for doppler
compensation in OFDM-based underwater
acoustic communication systems, IEEE Access,
vol. 10, pp. 82788-82798, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3196641
[20] N. Marchetti, M. I. Rahman, S. Kumar, and R.
Prasad, OFDM: Principles and challenges, New
Dir. Wirel. Commun. Res., pp. 29-62, 2009.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0673-1_2
[21] N. T. H. Linh, N. T. Ngat, and N. Van Duc, On
Optimizing Guard Interval Lengths for UWAOFDM Communication Systems Using
Geometry-Based Channel Modelling, in 2020
IEEE Eighth International Conference on
Communications and Electronics (ICCE), 2021,
pp. 18-23.
[22] C. P. Sree, B. Deepa, N. Mattaparthi, and S. A.
Mosa, Underwater Acoustic Communication
Modem Using QPSK Modulation for Improved
Performance of BER, International Journal of
Engineering Science Invention (IJESI), vol. 7,
no. 2 , pp. 19-25