Techno-Economic Evaluation of Hybrid Photovoltaic-Battery Energy Storage Systems-Integrated Energy Trading in a Microgrid-Tied Electric Vehicle Charging Cluster
Main Article Content
Abstract
A microgrid-connected electric vehicle charging cluster with photovoltaic (PV) generation, battery energy storage systems (BESS) and local energy sharing is evaluated using a proposed techno-economic framework. The suggested system studies the impact of local PV generation, stationary storage and internal energy exchange on grid import, energy export, PV utilization and operating cost. The BESS improves the dispatchability of variable PV generation by storing excess energy and supplying charging demand in the high-price or high-load periods. Internal energy trading allows the surplus energy of hybrid charging stations to support the deficit stations in the vicinity before interacting with the utility grid. Simulation results show that the coordinated operation can reduce dependence on the grid, limit the export of low-value energy, improve the utilization of local renewable energy and reduce the overall operating cost of the charging cluster. The proposed framework therefore provides a practical basis for assessing the economic and technical feasibility of renewable-assisted EV charging cluster sunder different solar, storage, and tariff conditions.
Keywords
BESS, electric vehicle charging station, microgrid, P2P energy, PV, techno-economic analysis.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
[2] E. L. Karfopoulos and N. D. Hatziargyriou, Distributed coordination of electric vehicles providing V2G services, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 31, iss. 1, pp. 329–338, Jan. 2016.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2015.2395723
[3] Z. Liu, J. Tan, W. Guo, C. Fan, W. Peng, Z. Fang, and J. Gao, Hierarchical optimal dispatching of electric vehicles based on photovoltaic-storage charging stations, Mathematics, vol. 12, iss. 21, Oct. 2024, Art. no. 3410. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12213410
[4] IEEE Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Distributed Energy Resources with Associated Electric Power Systems Interfaces, IEEE Std 1547-2018, Apr. 2018.
https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2018.8332112
[5] M. N. Akter, M. A. Mahmud, and A. M. T. Oo, A hierarchical transactive energy-management system for microgrids, in Proc. IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), Boston, MA, USA, pp. 1–5, Jul. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2016.7741099
[6] C. Long, J. Wu, Y. Zhou, and N. Jenkins, Aggregated battery control for peer-to-peer energy sharing in a community microgrid with PV battery systems, Energy Procedia, vol. 145, pp. 522–527, Jul. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.04.076
[7] A. Paudel and H. B. Gooi, A hierarchical peer-to-peer energy trading in community microgrid distribution systems, in 2018 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), Portland, OR, USA, pp. 1–5. Dec. 018. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2018.8586168
[8] H. Görgülü, Y. Topçuoğlu, A. Yaldız, T. Gökçek, Y. Ateş, and O. Erdinç, Peer-to-peer energy trading among smart homes considering responsive demand and interactive visual interface for monitoring, Sustain Energy Grids Netw., vol. 29, Mar. 2022, Art. no. 100584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.segan.2021.100584
[9] N. Spiliopoulos, I. Sarantakos, S. Nikkhah, G. Gkizas, D. Giaouris, P. Taylor, U. Rajarathnam, and N. Wade, Peer-to-peer energy trading for improving economic and resilient operation of microgrids, Renewable Energy, vol. 199, pp. 517–535, Nov. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.08.061
[10] A. Martín-Crespo, A. Hernández-Serrano, Ó. Izquierdo-Monge, P. Peña-Carro, Á. Hernández-Jiménez, F. Frechoso-Escudero, and E. Baeyens, AC/DC optimal power flow and techno-economic assessment for hybrid microgrids: TIGON CEDER demonstrator, Front. Energy Res., vol. 12, Aug. 2024, Art. no. 1399114.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2024.1399114
[11] S. Amini, S. Bahramara, H. Golpîra, B. Francois, and J. Soares, Techno-economic analysis of renewable-energy-based micro-grids considering incentive policies, Energies, vol. 15, iss. 21, Nov. 2022, Art. no. 8285. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218285
[12] European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS). [Online]. Available: https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/photovoltaic-geographical-information-system-pvgis_en. Accessed on: Jun. 4, 2026.
[13] World Bank Group, Global Solar Atlas. [Online]. Available: https://globalsolaratlas.info. Accessed on: Jun. 4, 2026.
[14] S. Peyghami, H. Wang, P. Davari, and F. Blaabjerg, Mission-profile-based system-level reliability analysis in DC microgrids, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 55, iss. 5, pp. 5055–5067, Sep.–Oct. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2019.2920470
[15] K. S. Ng, C.-S. Moo, Y.-P. Chen, and Y.-C. Hsieh, Enhanced coulomb-counting method for estimating state-of-charge and state-of-health of lithium-ion batteries, Applied Energy, vol. 86, iss. 9, pp. 1506–1511, Sep. 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.11.021
[16] Korea Electric Power Corporation, Electric rates table: Electric power for EV charging. [Online]. Available: https://home.kepco.co.kr/kepco/indi/foreign/en/html/F/B/ENFBHP00102.html. Accessed on: Jun. 11, 2026.
[17] Korea Power Exchange, Electric Power Statistics Information System, Hourly SMP: System Marginal Price. [Online]. Available: https://epsis.kpx.or.kr/epsisnew/selectEkmaSmpShdGrid.do?locale=eng&menuId=040202. Accessed on: Jun. 11, 2026.
[18] W. Tushar, T. K. Saha, C. Yuen, D. Smith, and H. V. Poor, Peer-to-peer trading in electricity networks: An overview, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 11, iss. 4, pp. 3185–3200, Jul. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2020.2969657
[19] B. Xu, A. Oudalov, A. Ulbig, G. Andersson, and D. S. Kirschen, Modeling of lithium-ion battery degradation for cell life assessment, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 9, iss. 2, pp. 1131–1140, Mar. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2578950